Statistics with R:

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

# Statistics with R:
## Data Wrangling | Data Visualisation | Basic Modelling
### Arif P. Sulistiono
### <br>Kelas Data on 28 Oct. 2021, 4 Nov. 2021, and 11 Nov. 2021<br> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/mof.dac"> <i class="fa fa-instagram fa-fw"></i>mof.dac</a>

---

# About me
.center[
![:scale 50%](https://pa1.narvii.com/5869/51088074557b4091944c2007ec33384020920f87_hq.gif)

An employee of the Republic of Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance. Funded by the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education ("Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan"), at the moment, on study leave to join a PhD program in the <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/economics/people/arif.sulistiono">School of Economics, the University of Nottingham</a> with research interests in Indonesia's government bonds market and their bondholders' behaviour. Also a research assistant at <a href="https://www.tracktheeconomy.ac.uk/arif-sulistiono">tracktheeconomy.ac.uk</a>. <br> <br>
<a href="mailto:ap.sulistiono@gmail.com"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-fw"></i></a></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/arifpras"> <i class="fa fa-facebook fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="https://github.com/arifpras"><i class="fa fa-github fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/arifpras"> <i class="fa fa-instagram fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="https://arifpras.medium.com/"> <i class="fa fa-medium fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/arifpras"> <i class="fa fa-twitter fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="https://arifpras.com"> <i class="fa fa-wordpress fa-fw"></i></a>
]

---
# <span style="color:orange">**Fun**</span>ctions

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[1: Data Wrangling]

.pull-left[
## .center[<svg viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M575.2 325.7c.2-1.9.8-3.7.8-5.6 0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64-12.6 0-24.2 3.8-34.1 10-17.6-38.8-56.5-66-101.9-66-61.8 0-112 50.1-112 112 0 3 .7 5.8.9 8.7-49.6 3.7-88.9 44.7-88.9 95.3 0 53 43 96 96 96h272c53 0 96-43 96-96 0-42.1-27.2-77.4-64.8-90.4zm-430.4-22.6c-43.7-43.7-43.7-114.7 0-158.3 43.7-43.7 114.7-43.7 158.4 0 9.7 9.7 16.9 20.9 22.3 32.7 9.8-3.7 20.1-6 30.7-7.5L386 81.1c4-11.9-7.3-23.1-19.2-19.2L279 91.2 237.5 8.4C232-2.8 216-2.8 210.4 8.4L169 91.2 81.1 61.9C69.3 58 58 69.3 61.9 81.1l29.3 87.8-82.8 41.5c-11.2 5.6-11.2 21.5 0 27.1l82.8 41.4-29.3 87.8c-4 11.9 7.3 23.1 19.2 19.2l76.1-25.3c6.1-12.4 14-23.7 23.6-33.5-13.1-5.4-25.4-13.4-36-24zm-4.8-79.2c0 40.8 29.3 74.8 67.9 82.3 8-4.7 16.3-8.8 25.2-11.7 5.4-44.3 31-82.5 67.4-105C287.3 160.4 258 140 224 140c-46.3 0-84 37.6-84 83.9z"></path></svg>]
*   Rows: `filter()`, `arrange()`, `recode()`, `slice()`, `slice_min()`, `slice_max()`, `slice_head()`, `slice_tail()`
*   Columns: `select()`, `relocate()`, `rename()`
*   Both: `count()`, `mutate()`, `transmute()`
]

.pull-right[
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*   Analysing: `group_by()`, `summarise()`/`summarize()`, `rowwise()`
*   Merging: `left_join()`, `inner_join()`, `right_join()`, `full_join()`, `semi_join()`, `anti_join()`
*   Manipulating: `ifelse()`
*   Dealing with `NA`: `fill()`, `replace()`, `zoo::na.approx()`, `drop_na()`
*   Combining: `rbind()`, `bind_rows`, `cbind()`, `bind_cols`
*   Reshaping: `pivot_wider()`, `pivot_longer()`
]
]

.panel[.panel-name[2: Data Visualisation]

.pull-left[
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*   Scatter plot: `geom_point()`
*   Line chart: `geom_line()`
*   Bar plot: `geom_bar()`, `geom_col()`
*   Box plot: `geom_boxplot()`
*   Histogram: `geom_histogram()`
]
]

.panel[.panel-name[3: Basic Modelling]
.pull-left[
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* Loading the dataset: `read_csv()` or `read_excel()`,
* Correlation: `Hmisc::rcorr(as.matrix())`
* Summary: `stargazer()`
* Linear regression: `lm()`, `lm_robust()`, `dynlm()`
* Reporting: `broom::tidy()`
* Saving: `write_csv()`
]
]
]

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# %>%
.large[Pipe operator: ...then]

---
# Prerequisites

### Clean the environment

```r
rm(list=ls())
ls()
```

### Install the package & load the library

```r
install.packages("tidyverse")
library(tidyverse)
```

### Set the working directory

```r
getwd()
setwd("/Users/arifpras/OneDrive - The University of Nottingham/BB_KelasData")
dir()
```

---
exclude: false
# Data
## Ages

```r
library(readxl)
op_ages <- read_excel(path = "/Users/arifpras/OneDrive - The University of Nottingham/BB_KelasData/KelasData/00_Datasets/OP_all.xlsx", sheet = "OP_ages")
DT::datatable(op_ages, fillContainer = FALSE, options = list(pageLength = 3))
```

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---
exclude: false
# Data
## Powers

```r
library(readxl)
op_powers <- read_excel(path = "/Users/arifpras/OneDrive - The University of Nottingham/BB_KelasData/KelasData/00_Datasets/OP_all.xlsx", sheet = "OP_powers")
DT::datatable(op_powers, fillContainer = FALSE, options = list(pageLength = 3))
```

<div id="htmlwidget-2128c36382d2a49b26f5" style="width:100%;height:auto;" class="datatables html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-2128c36382d2a49b26f5">{"x":{"filter":"none","vertical":false,"fillContainer":false,"data":[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","21","22","23","24","25","26","27","28","29","30","31","32","33","34","35","36","37","38","39","40","41","42","43","44","45","46","47","48","49","50","51","52","53","54","55","56"],[100,100,100,100,99,95,95,94.5,94,93,93,92,92,89.5,88,85,85,85,84.5,84,82,81,80.5,80,79.5,79,79,79,77,77,77,76.5,76,76,75.5,75,74,74,74,73,72.5,72.5,72,72,71,70,70,69,68,66,65,65,65,65,64,60],["Red Haired Shanks","Marshall D. Teach","Charlotte Linlin","Kaido","Monkey D. Dragon","Sakazuki Akainu","Monkey D. Garp","Sengoku","Kuzan Aokiji","Borsalino Kizaru","Silvers Rayleigh","Issho Fujitora","Dracule Mihawk","Marco","Sabo","Shiryu of the Rain","Magellan","Monkey D. Luffy","Charlotte Katakuri","Diamond Jozu","Charlotte Smoothie","Donquixote Doflamingo","Bartholomew Kuma","Enel","Trafalgar D. Water Law","Charlotte Cracker","Jinbe","Roronoa Zoro","Jesus Burgess","Urouge","Eustass Kid","Crocodile","Emporio Ivankov","Boa Hancock","Vinsmoke Sanji","Gecko Moria","Rob Lucci","Capone Bege","X Drake","Scratchmen Apoo","Cavendish","Smoker","Basil Hawkins","Bartolomeo","Caesar Clown","Hody Jones","Franky","Sai","Leo","Brook","Hajrudin","Ideo","Nico Robin","Buggy","Usopp","Orlumbus"],["Yonko","Yonko","Yonko","Yonko","Admiral","Admiral","Admiral","Admiral","Admiral","Admiral","Admiral","Admiral","Admiral","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","Shichibukai","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],["Red Haired Pirates","Blackbeard Pirates","Big Mom Pirates","Beasts Pirates","Revolutionary Army","Marine","Marine","Marine","Marine","Marine","Roger Pirates","Marine","Sichibukai","Whitebeard Pirates","Revolutionary Army","Blackbeard Pirates","Marine","Straw Hat Pirates","Big Mom Pirates","Whitebeard Pirates","Big Mom Pirates","Donquixote Pirates","Marine","God's Army","Heart Pirates","Big Mom Pirates","Straw Hat Pirates","Straw Hat Pirates","Blackbeard Pirates","Fallen Monk Pirates","Kid Pirates","Sichibukai","Revolutionary Army","Kuja Pirates","Straw Hat Pirates","Thriller Bark Pirates","Marine","Fire Tank Pirates","Drake Pirates","On Air Pirates","Beautiful Pirates","Marine","Hawkins Pirates","Barto Club","Fire Tank Pirates","New Fish-Man Pirates","Straw Hat Pirates","Chinjao Family","Tontatta Pirates","Straw Hat Pirates","New Giant Warrior Pirates","Ideo Pirates","Straw Hat Pirates","Buggy Pirates","Straw Hat Pirates","Yonta Maria Grand Fleet"]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th> <\/th>\n      <th>power<\/th>\n      <th>character<\/th>\n      <th>level<\/th>\n      <th>affiliations<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":3,"columnDefs":[{"className":"dt-right","targets":1},{"orderable":false,"targets":0}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"lengthMenu":[3,10,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Data Visualisation

---
# Datasaurus

.center[
![:scale 40%](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Z3tt/DataViz-Teaching/master/Datasaurus/datasauRus.gif)

Never trust summary statistics alone.
]

.footnote[.small[Source: `library(datasauRus)`; https://github.com/Z3tt/TidyTuesday/tree/master/plots/2020_42]]
---

# ggplot2

.pull-left[
### .left[Basic elements:
*   Data: `data = ...`
*   Geometries: `geom_`
*   Aesthetics: `aes(x = ..., y = ..., ...)`
*   Scales: `scale_`
*   Statistical transformations: `stat_`
*   Coordinate system: `coord_`
*   Facets: `facet_`
*   Visual themes: `theme()`
]
]

---

# Decision trees

.left[.footnote[.small[Source: https://www.data-to-viz.com]]]

---

# Assigning colors

.panelset[

.panel[
.panel-name[1: Color palette]

<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
.footnote[.small[Source: "Hands-On Data Visualization" by Jack Dougherty & Ilya Ilyankou]]
]

.panel[
.panel-name[2: Qualitative variables]

<br><br>
.footnote[.small[Source: https://github.com/allisonhorst/stats-illustrations/]]
]

.panel[
.panel-name[3: Quantitative variables]

<br><br>
.footnote[.small[Source: https://github.com/allisonhorst/stats-illustrations/]]
]
]

---

# Line plot
.center[
<img src="KelasData_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---

# Animating bar plot
.pull-left[ <br>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="300" data-theme="light" data-cards="hidden" data-dnt="true" align="center"><p lang="in" dir="ltr">Visualisasi data tentang utang dan pendapatan per penduduk dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman R. Kode bisa dilihat pada tautan <a href="https://t.co/YzqY3hmGfc">https://t.co/YzqY3hmGfc</a>.<br><br>Secara rasio, tidak berbeda jauh dengan data rasio utang pemerintah terhadap PDB seperti yang disampaikan <a href="https://twitter.com/DJPPRkemenkeu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@DJPPRkemenkeu</a>. <a href="https://t.co/1D6k2nmHsW">pic.twitter.com/1D6k2nmHsW</a></p>&mdash; Arif P. Sulistiono (@arifpras) <a href="https://twitter.com/arifpras/status/1256101386758115328?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 1, 2020</a></blockquote>
<script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
]

.pull-right[
<img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/960/1*tKoVzc3cI9ihIuovTFf2jA.gif" style="width: 80%" align="left">
]

---
# Animating line plot
.pull-left[ <br>
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="300" data-theme="light" data-cards="hidden" data-dnt="true" align="center"><p lang="in" dir="ltr">Visualisasi data tentang pergerakan nilai tukar <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/rupiah?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#rupiah</a> terhadap dollar AS pada <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/krisis?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#krisis</a> 2008 dan tahun ini dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/R?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#R</a>. Kode bisa dilihat pada tautan <a href="https://t.co/YzqY3hmGfc">https://t.co/YzqY3hmGfc</a>. <a href="https://t.co/PMHFjWIJQB">pic.twitter.com/PMHFjWIJQB</a></p>&mdash; Arif P. Sulistiono (@arifpras) <a href="https://twitter.com/arifpras/status/1257366542553055232?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 4, 2020</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
]

.pull-right[
<img src="https://miro.medium.com/max/960/1*W58miPPhRcKO4dYf6eBqvw.gif" style="width: 80%" align="left">
]

---
# Practical sessions

.left[.footnote[.small[Source: https://arifpras.github.io/WranglingViz/]]]

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Basic Modelling

---
# Initial specifications

&nbsp;
.center[
![:scale 50%](
https://c.tenor.com/WcoVJ8aQcwkAAAAC/one-piece-monkey-d-luffy.gif)

&nbsp;
&nbsp;
$$ \text{Sales}_t = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 \text{Chapters}_t + \alpha_2 \text{LastMovie}_t + \alpha_3 \text{VIX index}_t + \upsilon_t  $$
$$ \text{Sales}_t = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \text{Pages}_t + \beta_2 \text{LastMovie}_t + \beta_3 \text{VIX index}_t + \epsilon_t  $$
]

---
# Dataset

```r
library(readxl)
op_sales <- read_excel(path = "/Users/arifpras/OneDrive - The University of Nottingham/BB_KelasData/KelasData/00_Datasets/OP_all.xlsx", sheet = "OP_sales")
DT::datatable(op_sales, fillContainer = FALSE, options = list(pageLength = 3))
```

<div id="htmlwidget-906b42a659e61b4aa73a" style="width:100%;height:auto;" class="datatables html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-906b42a659e61b4aa73a">{"x":{"filter":"none","vertical":false,"fillContainer":false,"data":[["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","21","22","23","24","25","26","27","28","29","30","31","32","33","34","35","36","37","38","39","40","41","42","43","44","45","46","47","48","49","50","51"],[50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100],["Arriving Once Again","The 11 Supernovas","Roger and Rayleigh","A King's Disposition","No One Can Stop This Now","Okama in Hell","Thank You","Conflict at the Summit","I Call the Name of This Age \"Whitebeard\"","Portgas D. Ace Dies","My Little Brother","Romance Dawn for the new world","Adventure on Fishman Island","Otohime and Tiger","100,000 vs. 10","To Zero","The Path Towards the Sun","Cool Fight","Pirate Alliance","SAD","Doflamingo Appears","Colosseum of Rascals","The Forgotten of Dressrosa","Operation Dressrosa SOP","I'll Always Be By Your Side","My Repayment","Leave It and Go Ahead","Smile","The Charisma of Evil","Lucy!!","Opening Declaration","Let's Go See Master Nekomamushi","A World Abuzz","The Yonko, Charlotte Linlin the Pirate","Luffy vs. Sanji","Liar","Yonko Assassination Plan","Not Sweet","Lion","Bad End Musical","The Holy Land Mary Geoise","Adventure in the Land of Samurai","The Oiran Komurasaki Appears","The Star of Ebisu Town","The Warriors' Dreams","Oden's Adventure","I am Oden, and I Was Born to Boil","My Bible","The Brocade of Loyal Retainers","Straw Hat Luffy","Haoshoku"],["2008-06-04T00:00:00Z","2008-09-04T00:00:00Z","2008-12-04T00:00:00Z","2009-03-04T00:00:00Z","2009-06-04T00:00:00Z","2009-09-04T00:00:00Z","2009-12-04T00:00:00Z","2010-03-04T00:00:00Z","2010-06-04T00:00:00Z","2010-08-04T00:00:00Z","2010-11-04T00:00:00Z","2011-02-04T00:00:00Z","2011-05-02T00:00:00Z","2011-08-04T00:00:00Z","2011-11-04T00:00:00Z","2012-02-03T00:00:00Z","2012-05-02T00:00:00Z","2012-08-03T00:00:00Z","2012-11-02T00:00:00Z","2013-03-04T00:00:00Z","2013-06-04T00:00:00Z","2013-08-02T00:00:00Z","2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","2014-03-04T00:00:00Z","2014-06-04T00:00:00Z","2014-09-04T00:00:00Z","2014-12-27T00:00:00Z","2015-04-03T00:00:00Z","2015-07-03T00:00:00Z","2015-10-03T00:00:00Z","2015-12-28T00:00:00Z","2016-04-04T00:00:00Z","2016-07-04T00:00:00Z","2016-11-04T00:00:00Z","2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","2017-05-02T00:00:00Z","2017-08-04T00:00:00Z","2017-11-02T00:00:00Z","2018-03-02T00:00:00Z","2018-06-04T00:00:00Z","2018-09-04T00:00:00Z","2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","2019-03-04T00:00:00Z","2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","2019-12-28T00:00:00Z","2020-04-03T00:00:00Z","2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","2021-09-03T00:00:00Z"],[216,232,216,216,216,200,216,216,216,216,216,208,216,232,224,216,216,232,232,248,216,216,216,216,232,208,216,232,216,200,216,208,224,216,200,200,224,208,200,216,208,224,192,208,216,208,200,200,200,200,224],[10,11,10,10,10,9,10,11,11,11,10,9,11,12,10,10,10,11,11,12,10,11,10,10,11,10,11,12,10,10,11,10,11,11,10,10,11,10,10,11,10,11,10,11,11,11,10,10,10,10,11],[1.441785,1.517953,1.476194,1.641952,1.609125,1.662688,1.924398,2.143174,2.13644,2.331875,2.55069,2.819362,2.767056,2.810023,2.733331,2.833993,2.901059,2.744511,2.495921,2.750286,2.65168,2.588312,2.441267,2.642952,2.486122,2.508601,2.761576,2.591128,2.58844,2.647923,2.627172,2.332977,2.236701,2.381623,2.330798,2.354006,2.273811,2.119234,2.08035,1.881643,1.90504,1.993806,1.776868,1.923919,1.786973,1.685705,1.5947,1.707411,1.726498,1.575479,1.736402],[95,187,278,368,460,552,643,82,174,235,327,419,44,138,230,321,410,503,594,79,171,230,321,444,536,628,742,839,930,1022,1108,1206,1297,104,195,283,377,467,587,681,773,864,954,1076,56,141,238,404,545,665,756],[23.6,39.95,48.06,42.48,28.58,24.4,20.15,17.16,28.62,24.17,19.24,19.58,17.37,36.17,29.87,17.84,21.94,15.57,16.6,13.13,16.42,14.55,13.5,14.75,11.53,15.54,18.5,13.52,13.94,16.23,22.69,14.56,12.81,13.75,11.57,10.74,11.83,10.55,19.36,13.69,14.41,23.41,14.12,15.37,14.16,14.32,37.45,27.57,22.79,16.77,20.01]],"container":"<table class=\"display\">\n  <thead>\n    <tr>\n      <th> <\/th>\n      <th>volume<\/th>\n      <th>title<\/th>\n      <th>release_date<\/th>\n      <th>pages<\/th>\n      <th>chapters<\/th>\n      <th>sales_mio<\/th>\n      <th>last_movie_days<\/th>\n      <th>vixi_avg<\/th>\n    <\/tr>\n  <\/thead>\n<\/table>","options":{"pageLength":3,"columnDefs":[{"className":"dt-right","targets":[1,4,5,6,7,8]},{"orderable":false,"targets":0}],"order":[],"autoWidth":false,"orderClasses":false,"lengthMenu":[3,10,25,50,100]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---

# Dependent variable

.center[
<img src="KelasData_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---

# Independent variables

.center[
<img src="KelasData_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-11-1.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

---
class: center, inverse, middle

.center[
![:scale 50%](https://media.giphy.com/media/f1kifoMrj6g4E/giphy.gif)
]
.large[<span style="color:orange"> Let's practice! </span>]

---
# Practical sessions

.left[.footnote[.small[Source: https://arifpras.github.io/BasicModelling/]]]

---

class: center, middle, clear

.center[
![:scale 50%](https://media.giphy.com/media/tIZUToOMEFGM0/giphy.gif)
]

.large[
Thank you for listening.
]
.small[**All teaching materials are available on https://github.com/arifpras/KelasData**]

.small[
Slides created via the R packages:
[**xaringan**](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan) and
[gadenbuie/xaringanthemer](https://github.com/gadenbuie/xaringanthemer). <br>
The chakra comes from [remark.js](https://remarkjs.com), [**knitr**](http://yihui.name/knitr), and [R Markdown](https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com).
]

---

# Acknowledgements
.small[
*   Grolemund, G., & Wickham, H. (2017). R for Data Science. O’Reilly Media.
*   R Core Team (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/
*   Wickham et al., (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), 1686, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
*   Claus O. Wilke: Data Visualization in R, https://wilkelab.org/SDS375/
*   Cedric Scherer's personal blog: https://www.cedricscherer.com/
*   ...and other sources i.e. stackoverflow.com, github.com, etc.

### Datasets:
*   One Piece chapter and character: https://www.kaggle.com/michau96
*   One Piece anime rating: https://www.kaggle.com/aditya2803
*   One Piece power ranking: https://www.opfanpage.com/2018/06/29/one-piece-power-ranking-chart/
*   One Piece characters' age: https://listfist.com/list-of-one-piece-characters-by-age
*   One Piece by volume: https://listfist.com/list-of-one-piece-volumes
*   One Piece by chapter: https://listfist.com/list-of-one-piece-manga-chapters
*   One Piece sales: https://erzat.blog/top-sales-according-to-series-for-the-month-of-september-2021/ and https://twitter.com/WSJ_manga/status/1214168838511702016
*   VIX index: https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/%5EVIX?p=%5EVIX

### GIF files:
*   Luffy, flying: https://pa1.narvii.com/5869/51088074557b4091944c2007ec33384020920f87_hq.gif
*   Luffy, thinking: https://c.tenor.com/WcoVJ8aQcwkAAAAC/one-piece-monkey-d-luffy.gif
*   Shanks vs. Akainu: https://www.quora.com/What-would-happen-if-Deku-was-sent-to-the-One-Piece-universe
]